Orphan diseases, also known as rare diseases, are medical conditions that affect a small percentage of the population. In the United States, a disease is considered “rare” if it affects fewer than 200,000 people. There are over 7,000 identified rare diseases, with new ones being discovered every year. These diseases can range from genetic disorders to autoimmune conditions and can be life-threatening or cause chronic disability.

One type of orphan disease is genetic disorders. These are conditions caused by abnormalities in a person’s DNA. Examples of genetic disorders include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and muscular dystrophy. These diseases can be inherited from one or both parents and can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe. Genetic testing can help identify individuals who may be at risk for developing these conditions, allowing for early intervention and treatment.

Another type of orphan disease is autoimmune conditions. These are diseases that occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, mistaking them for foreign invaders. Examples of autoimmune diseases include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. These conditions can cause inflammation, pain, and organ damage, and can be difficult to diagnose and treat.

A third type of orphan disease is infectious diseases. While many infectious diseases, such as the flu or pneumonia, are common and easily treatable, there are also rare infectious diseases that can be life-threatening. Examples include Ebola virus, Marburg virus, and Lassa fever. These diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and often require specialized medical care.